Early Music Discography & Historical Sources
Editorial Team · on 18 July 2026 · 10 min read · Last reviewed 18 July 2026
The clavichord is a rectangular stringed keyboard instrument that produces sound by striking brass or iron strings with metal tangents, primarily used from the Middle Ages through the Classical era.
In plain terms: think of the clavichord as a cross between a piano and a guitar: like a piano, you press keys, but like a guitar, tiny metal tangents pluck the strings directly beneath the keyboard.
Key facts
- The clavichord’s dynamic range depends on how hard the player depresses the keys, unlike the harpsichord, which has a fixed volume.
- According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, clavichords were often used for private music-making and composition due to their quiet volume.
- Clavichords typically have a range of about three to four octaves, though some larger instruments can reach five.
- The instrument’s strings are struck by small metal tangents, which remain in contact with the strings as long as the key is held down, allowing for vibrato and other expressive techniques.
Clavichord vs. harpsichord
The clavichord and harpsichord differ primarily in their sound production and dynamic capabilities: the clavichord produces sound by striking strings with metal tangents, offering dynamic control, while the harpsichord uses quills to pluck strings, resulting in a brighter, more resonant tone but with no dynamic variation.
| Feature | Clavichord | Harpsichord |
|---|---|---|
| Sound Production | Metal tangents strike strings | Quills pluck strings |
| Dynamic Control | Yes, by key pressure | No |
| Volume | Quiet, suitable for private playing | Loud, suitable for larger ensembles |
| String Length | Short, compact instrument | Longer strings, larger instrument |
| Use in Historical Periods | Late Middle Ages through Classical era | Renaissance through Baroque era |
Are clavichords still made?
Yes, clavichords are still made today, primarily by specialized instrument builders who focus on historical accuracy and modern adaptations.
A modern clavichord caught my eye, its craftsmanship blending historical designs with modern materials for durability. Companies like Frank Hubler and David Lawson are renowned for their handcrafted clavichords, which can range from exact replicas of historical instruments to innovative modern designs.
| Builder | Type | Range | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frank Hubler | Historical replicas | 3.5 to 4.5 octaves | $8,000 to $15,000 |
| David Lawson | Modern adaptations | 4 to 5 octaves | $10,000 to $20,000 |
| Neupert | Historical and modern | 3.5 to 5 octaves | $7,000 to $18,000 |
Clavichord for sale
Buying a clavichord involves considering factors like authenticity, craftsmanship, and whether you want a historical replica or a modern adaptation.
If you’re in the market for a clavichord, start by deciding whether you want a historical replica or a modern adaptation. Historical replicas, like those made by Frank Hubler, are meticulously crafted to match specific historical models and can be quite expensive. Modern adaptations, on the other hand, may incorporate materials and design elements that make them more durable and easier to maintain. For a close look at available options, check out vintage pressings and public domain archives. The price range can vary significantly, so it’s important to set a budget and consider the long-term value of the instrument.
Clavichord sound
Clavichords produce a soft, intimate sound that is highly expressive due to their dynamic range, making them ideal for private playing and composition.
Unlike the harpsichord, which has a bright, plucked sound, the clavichord offers a more nuanced, subtle tone. This makes it particularly well-suited for delicate baroque and classical pieces. The sound can vary significantly based on the materials used for the strings and tangents, as well as the overall construction of the instrument. For example, brass strings tend to produce a warmer tone, while iron strings offer a brighter, more cutting sound.
Clavichord body part
Clavichord’s main body parts include the soundboard, strings, tangents, keys, and keyboard mechanism.
| Body Part | Function |
|---|---|
| Soundboard | Amplifies the sound produced by the strings |
| Strings | Brass or iron strings that are struck by the tangents |
| Tangents | Metal blades that strike the strings to produce sound |
| Keys | Depress the tangents to strike the strings |
| Keyboard Mechanism | Transfers the key motion to the tangents |
Clavichord keyboard
Clavichord keyboards typically range from 3 to 5 octaves, with smaller instruments often having a more limited range.
Clavichord keyboards are usually smaller than those of modern pianos, with keys that are narrower and shallower. The action is also lighter, allowing for greater expressive control. The keyboard mechanism is designed to be highly responsive, which is essential for the instrument’s dynamic capabilities. The range of the keyboard can vary, with some instruments offering as few as three octaves and others extending to five octaves.
Clavichord maintenance and care
Maintaining a clavichord requires regular tuning, cleaning, and protection from environmental factors like humidity and temperature changes.
To keep your clavichord in optimal condition, tune it regularly, as the instrument is sensitive to changes in humidity and temperature. Clean the keys and soundboard gently with a soft cloth to remove dust and debris. Protect the instrument from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures, as these can warp the wood and affect the strings. For a more detailed guide on maintenance, check out historical recordings archives.
| Maintenance Task | Frequency | Tools Needed |
|---|---|---|
| Tuning | Monthly | Tuning hammer, tuning lever |
| Cleaning | Weekly | Soft cloth, mild cleaner |
| Humidity Control | Ongoing | Humidifier, dehumidifier |
| Inspection | Quarterly | Flashlight, soft brush |
Clavichord music
Music from the clavichord spans a wide range of genres and periods, from baroque to classical, and includes compositions by notable composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.
To explore clavichord music, start with the works of J.S. Bach, whose Well-Tempered Clavier is a cornerstone of the clavichord repertoire. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach also wrote extensively for the clavichord, with pieces that highlight the instrument’s dynamic range and expressive capabilities. For a deeper dive into the repertoire, check out early music song recordings.
Unfretted clavichord
An unfretted clavichord has strings that are not divided into sections by frets, allowing for more precise pitch control and greater expressive flexibility.
Unlike fretted clavichords, which have metal bars that divide the strings into specific pitches, unfretted clavichords allow the player to produce microtonal inflections and subtle pitch variations. This makes them particularly well-suited for expressive playing and certain historical repertoire. The unfretted design also contributes to a cleaner, more precise sound. Unfretted clavichords are often preferred by advanced players who require greater pitch control.
Electric clavichord
Electric clavichords are modern adaptations that use electronic components to amplify and modify the sound of the instrument, offering new possibilities for performance and composition.
Electric clavichords, such as those produced by companies like Crumar, combine traditional clavichord mechanics with modern electronic amplification. This allows for greater volume and the ability to connect to external sound systems or recording equipment. The electric clavichord can also incorporate effects like reverb and distortion, opening up new avenues for experimental music. These instruments are particularly popular among contemporary composers and performers looking to push the boundaries of traditional clavichord music.
Clavichord vs. piano
Clavichords and pianos differ significantly in their sound production, dynamic range, and historical context.
While both instruments use a keyboard to produce sound, the clavichord strikes strings with metal tangents, while the piano uses hammers. This results in a much quieter, more intimate sound for the clavichord compared to the piano’s louder, more resonant tone. The clavichord’s dynamic range is also more limited, making it better suited for private playing and composition. The piano, on the other hand, offers a wider dynamic range and is designed for both solo and ensemble performances.
Etymology
The term “clavichord” is derived from the Latin word clavis, meaning “key,” and the Greek word chorda, meaning “string.”
A piano’s name indicates its fundamental structure, where keys hit strings to create sound. The word origin underscores the clavichord’s historical background and its position among keyboard instruments. Examining the etymology offers greater knowledge of the instrument’s evolution and its significance in musical history.
History and use
Instruments known as clavichords were widely used from the Late Middle Ages through the Classical era, primarily as a practice tool and aid to composition.
Ideal for private music-making and composition, clavichords offered quiet volume and dynamic capabilities. It was particularly popular among composers who needed an instrument for sketching out ideas and refining their compositions. The clavichord’s expressive potential also made it a favorite for intimate performances in private settings. Its compact size and portability further contributed to its popularity among musicians of the time.
Modern music
Modern music for the clavichord includes both historical repertoire and new compositions that explore the instrument’s unique characteristics.
Composers still create works for the clavichord, using its expressive qualities and soft tone. Electric clavichords, a modern variation, have introduced new avenues for performances and compositions. Explore contemporary clavichord music through curated top posts.
Structure and action
A soundboard, strings, tangents, keys, and a keyboard mechanism transferring key motion to the tangents are all features of a clavichord’s structure.
Soundboard amplifies the sound produced by the strings, while the tangents strike the strings to produce sound. The keys are connected to the tangents through a lightweight mechanism that allows for precise control and dynamic variation. The overall design is compact and simple, making the clavichord highly portable compared to larger keyboard instruments. The lightweight action and compact size contribute to the instrument’s suitability for private playing and composition.
Fretting
Fretting in a clavichord refers to the use of metal bars that divide the strings into specific pitches, allowing for a more compact design but limiting pitch flexibility.
Fretted clavichords have metal bars that divide the strings into sections, each corresponding to a specific pitch. This design allows for a more compact instrument but limits the player’s ability to produce microtonal inflections and subtle pitch variations. Unfretted clavichords, on the other hand, offer greater pitch control and expressive flexibility. Fretted clavichords are often preferred for their compact size and lower cost, while unfretted clavichords are favored by advanced players seeking greater expressive control.
Pedal clavichord
A pedal clavichord is a rare and specialized variation that includes pedals to extend the instrument’s range and capabilities.
Pedal clavichords combine the clavichord’s keyboard with pedal mechanisms similar to those found on organs and pedal harpsichords. This allows for a greater range of pitches and more complex performances. Pedal clavichords are extremely rare and are primarily found in specialized collections and museums. These instruments are often used for experimental music and performances that require extended techniques.
Repertoire
Spanning Late Middle Ages to Classical era compositions, the clavichord repertoire includes works by notable figures like J.S. Bach and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.
Composers favor the clavichord for its expressive capabilities and intimate sound. The repertoire includes a wide range of genres and styles, from intricate baroque compositions to delicate classical pieces. For a deeper exploration of the clavichord repertoire, check out historical recordings archives.
How much does a clavichord cost?
Craftsmanship, materials, and whether it is a historical replica or a modern adaptation cause the cost of a clavichord to vary significantly.
Historical replicas, such as those made by Frank Hubler, can cost between $8,000 and $15,000, depending on the size and complexity of the instrument. Modern adaptations, like those produced by David Lawson, typically range from $10,000 to $20,000. For those looking for more affordable options, unfretted clavichords and electric clavichords may offer a lower-cost alternative. The price can also vary based on the materials used, with brass strings generally being more expensive than iron strings.
How to choose
To choose the right clavichord, consider factors like craftsmanship, sound quality, range, and whether you prefer a historical replica or a modern adaptation.
- Craftsmanship: Look for instruments made by reputable builders known for their attention to detail and historical accuracy.
- Sound Quality: Listen to recordings or, if possible, try out different clavichords to find the sound that best suits your preferences.
- Range: Consider the range of the instrument, as this will affect the repertoire you can play.
- Historical Replica vs. Modern Adaptation: Decide whether you prefer a historical replica or a modern adaptation based on your intended use and budget.
Whether you’re a performer, composer, or enthusiast, the clavichord offers a unique and expressive instrument that has captivated musicians for centuries. To explore available options, check out vintage pressings and public domain archives. The right clavichord can enhance your musical experience and provide a deeper connection to the rich history of keyboard instruments.
Frequently asked questions
What are the earliest music recordings?
The earliest music recordings include 'Au Claire de la Lune' sung by Auclair de la Lune in 1860 and 'The Sieve of Varna' recorded in 1888. These were made using early phonograph technology, capturing fleeting moments of sound on wax cylinders.
What are the best classical recordings of all time?
Legendary recordings include Fritz Reiner's 1959 'Also sprach Zarathustra' and Herbert von Karajan's 1963 'Symphony No. 5.' These capture timeless performances with unmatched clarity and emotional depth, setting benchmarks for classical music preservation.
How was early music recorded?
Early recordings used mechanical phonographs. A stylus etched sound waves onto rotating wax cylinders or discs. Later, electrical recording replaced mechanical methods, improving fidelity. Edison's 1877 phonograph pioneered this technology, though early recordings were monaural and prone to distortion.
When were the first recordings of music made?
The first music recordings date to 1860, with 'Au Claire de la Lune.' Commercially released recordings began in the 1880s, like 'The Sieve of Varna' in 1888. These early attempts captured brief, often distorted snippets, marking the birth of recorded sound.
See also: Clavichord Keyboard: Tuning and Repair.